Understanding osteoporosis

Osteoporosis literally means 'porous bones'. Bones, particularly those of the spine, wrist and hips, become thin and weak, and break easily. Worryingly, there are no symptoms. Often there are no warning signs until a break occurs.

Healthy bone consists of a strong mesh made of protein and minerals (particularly calcium). This mesh is living tissue that is constantly being renewed by two types of cells. One type builds new bone and the other breaks down old bone. Up to our mid-20s our skeleton is strengthened, but from our 40s onwards, our bones gradually lose their density as a natural part of ageing.

Causes

Osteoporosis is most common in women after menopause because of the lack of oestrogen. Oestrogen reduces the amount of bone broken down, and helps to protect against osteoporosis. It may also develop in men with low testosterone levels. Anyone with particular hormonal disorders and other chronic diseases, or people who use specific medication, such as steroids or anticonvulsants, are also at risk.

Diagnosis

Osteoporosis is usually diagnosed after a fall or a fracture. Bone density is measured using a DEXA scanner. This involves a low dose of x-rays usually across the spine, wrist or hip.